Antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus.

APS is found in 20% to 35% of patients with SLE. PAPS and secondary APS have similar features and aPL specificities. The clinical course of the secondary syndrome is independent of the activity and severity of lupus, but the presence of APS worsens the prognosis of patients with lupus. Some features of SLE may result from thrombosis in patients with APS; thus, these patients require anticoagulation rather than corticosteroids. Novel preliminary classification criteria for APS were formulated during a postconference workshop held in Sapporo, Japan, following the Eight International Symposium on Antiphospholipid Antibodies. Treatment of APS remains empirical because of limited controlled prospective data. There is strong evidence that patients with aPL-associated thrombosis are subject to recurrences and require prophylactic therapy. APS is a treatable cause of recurrent fetal loss in women with SLE. The treatment of choice is anticoagulation with heparin, either standard unfractionated heparin or LMWH. One of the main reasons for the improving outcomes in APS pregnancies is closer obstetric surveillance.