Indications for surgical treatment of iliofemoral vein thrombosis.

The goals of treatment of acute iliofemoral DVT should be prevention of fatal PE, reduction of pain and swelling of the involved leg, trying to stop the development of phlegmasia cerulea dolens and venous gangrene, prevention of disabling PTS by early removal of the blood clot, avoiding proximal venous obstruction, preserving normal, functioning valves in the leg veins, and preventing reflux. The authors recommend an aggressive approach with rapid removal of the occluding thrombus in the leg veins extending up into the iliac veins in active patients with a short history of symptomatic DVT, usually less than 7 days. This approach is not justified in chronically ill, bedridden, high-risk, or aged patients, or those with serious intercurrent disease or limited life expectancy. In these patients, such interventions can only be indicated for limb salvage in phlegmasia cerulea dolens when conservative treatment does not prevent the development of an acute compartment syndrome with venous gangrene. The preferred means of accomplishing early and quick removal of the thrombus is CDITT. Most of the authors' positive experience with thrombolysis is based on the use of urokinase. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has put this drug on temporary hold for almost 1 year. The alternative drugs (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator [tPA]) have not been tested for CDITT of DVT, and tPA is not FDA-approved for this indication. When there are contraindications or failure of thrombolysis, TE with a temporary AVF is a valid alternative.