Long-term follow-up of a new case of liver glycogen synthase deficiency.

We report a new case of hereditary hepatic glycogen synthase (GS) deficiency (MIM 240600) in a French Canadian girl referred at 7 years of age for a family history of hyperlipidemia. Her initial evaluation incidentally revealed fasting hypoglycemia and ketonuria after a 10-hr fast with normal growth, development, and physical examination. Additional biochemical findings included fasting hypoalaninemia with elevated plasma branched chain amino acids and postprandial hyperlactatemia. Liver glycogen synthase activity was reduced. Unlike most other reported patients, we observed on three different occasions an increase in fasting plasma glucose levels after glucagon administration during episodes of hypoglycemia. At 13 years of age, her growth and intellect are normal; however, she still has hypoglycemia after 18 hr of fasting. From our patient's course and a review of the literature, we conclude: (A) Usual modes of presentation of GS deficiency are non-specific symptoms after overnight fasting (7/17), incidental findings (3/17), or positive family history (7/17); (B) Most patients maintain normal growth (8/11) and intellectual abilities (12/15); (C) Fasting hypoglycemia (17/17) and reduced liver glycogen content (9/9) are constant features; (D) Biochemical findings also include postprandial hyperlactatemia (13/13), fasting hyperketonemia (12/12), and fasting hypoalaninemia (8/9); (E) Glucagon response following fasting hypoglycemia is usually reduced or absent (7/8) but can be repeatedly present (1/8); (F) Liver steatosis is frequent (6/6). Although rare, GS deficiency results in a characteristic biochemical profile that, if recognized, should lead promptly to its diagnosis.