Malignant hyperthermia, a Scandinavian update.

BACKGROUND: Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a rare pharmacogenetic disorder, triggered by halogenated anesthetics and/or succinylcholine. In susceptible individuals, these drugs can activate an explosive life threatening clinical reaction. Leading symptoms are hypercarbia, muscle rigidity, and metabolic acidosis. MH is inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner and linked to mutations in the large ryanodine 1 gene (RYR1) gene in the majority of cases. Very few MH patients have been found to carry mutations in the CACNA1S gene.

METHODS: For this review a large litterature search was carried out and the Swedish MH database consisting of 436 probands who have undergone in vitro muscle contraction test (IVCT) during 1984-2014 was analyzed.

RESULTS: Twelve different MH causative mutations have been found in Swedish patients so far. These mutations lead to a disturbed calcium balance in striated muscle tissue. A muscle biopsy for the IVCT or finding of an approved causative mutation are required for the diagnosis.

CONCLUSION: A Malignant Hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) patient should be anesthetized with trigger-free anesthesia. There are a few reports of MH-like reactions in patients unrelated to anesthesia. The outcome is dependent on early recognizing of the reaction and fast disconnection of the trigger agents and administration of dantrolene.