Hypereosinophilic syndromes in the precision medicine era: clinical, molecular aspects and therapeutic approaches (targeted therapies).

Introduction : Hypereosinophilic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders that may be associated with life-threatening organ injury as a result of tissues infiltration by eosinophils. The main goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil-mediated organ damage. When possible, therapy should be directed at the underlying etiology. However, even in the absence of any known cause, when organ damage is present, hypereosinophilia must be treated promptly and aggressively to reduce potential morbidity and mortality. Areas covered : Conventional therapies, including corticosteroids, hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) and interferon-alpha, have shown variable efficacy and a non-negligible toxicity emphasizing the need of new therapeutic strategies based on drugs with different mechanisms of action. Expert opinion : Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have a central role among targeted therapies of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Imatinib, initially empirically used based on its activity in chronic myeloid leukemia, achieved preliminary excellent results further confirmed in large series of patients. Third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as ponatinib, while active in vitro and in vivo in animals, still deserve confirmation in properly designed clinical trials. In addition, clinical investigation on monoclonal antibodies against interleukin-5, interleukin-5Rα, IgE, and CD52 represents a promising area of research.