Carpal tunnel syndrome: state-of-the-art review.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment encountered worldwide. The etiology can be related to repetitive exposure to vibrations or forceful angular motions, genetic predisposition, injury and specific conditions, such as diabetes, pregnancy and morbid obesity. This entity is observed with increased frequency in females and the elderly. The diagnosis is largely clinical and suspected when patients present with typical symptoms such as numbness, tingling, nocturnal paresthesiae and/or neuritic "pins-and-needles" pain in the radial 3.5 digits. Certain provocative manoeuvres can be employed to evoke the symptoms of the disease to guide the diagnosis. Further testing such as electrodiagnostic studies, ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging is required in the case of diagnostic uncertainty or if there is a need for objective evaluation whether or not more invasive surgical intervention is required. If the presenting symptoms are mild and discontinuous, non-surgical measures are indicated. However, if the symptoms are moderate to severe, further testing modalities such as nerve conduction studies or needle electromyography are used to determine whether carpal tunnel syndrome is acute or chronic. If significant evidence of axonal injury is identified, surgical treatment may be indicated. Surgical release of the carpal tunnel has evolved over time to become the most common hand surgery procedure.