Nephrology in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Electrolyte abnormalities, hypertension and acute renal failure commonly occur in children admitted to the intensive care unit. Perturbations in sodium, potassium, and calcium or hypertensive crisis require prompt therapy to avoid major cardiac or neurological events. Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or hemofiltration can effectively and safely be performed, even in small and hemodynamically unstable children. Although suitable equipment is available for all renal replacement options, attention to precise details such as fluid administration and flow rates are essential.